Oil Refining Crude oil petroleum is composed of mostly hydrocarbons alkanes and aromatics , and is a tremendous mixture of compounds consisting of between 5 and 40 carbon atoms. Figure 5. Purification of Reagents and Products Cyclopentadiene is used in many chemical reactions, including Diels-Alder reactions and polymerizations. May 26, Energy and the Environment, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, U. May 25, Energy, Environment and Climate , 2nd ed. New York, U.
Fractional Distillation [Online]. Boyle, B. Everett, S. Peake, J. Contact us About us Privacy policy Terms of use. Note that the gases leave at the top of the column , the liquids condense in the middle and the solids stay at the bottom. As you go up the fractionating column, the hydrocarbons have:. Crude oil is not the only fossil fuel. Natural gas mainly consists of methane. It is used in domestic boilers, cookers and Bunsen burners, as well as in some power stations.
Fractional distillation is a process by which components in a chemical mixture are separated into different parts called fractions according to their different boiling points. Fractional distillation is used to purify chemicals and to separate mixtures to obtain their components.
The technique is used in labs and in industry, where the process has vast commercial significance. The chemical and petroleum industry rely on fractional distillation.
Vapors from a boiling solution are passed along a tall column, called a fractionating column. The column is packed with plastic or glass beads to improve the separation by providing more surface area for condensation and evaporation. The temperature of the column gradually decreases along its length.
Components with a higher boiling point condense on the column and return to the solution ; components with a lower boiling point more volatile pass through the column and are collected near the top.
Theoretically, having more beads or plates improves the separation, but adding plates also increases the time and energy required to complete a distillation. Gasoline and many other chemicals are produced from crude oil using fractional distillation.
Crude oil is heated until it evaporates. Different fractions condense at certain temperature ranges. The chemicals in a certain fraction are hydrocarbons with comparable numbers of carbon atoms. From hot to cold largest hydrocarbons to smallest , the fractions might be residue used to make bitumen , fuel oil, diesel, kerosene, naphtha, gasoline, and refinery gas. Fractional distillation cannot completely separate the components of a mixture of ethanol and water despite the different boiling points of the two chemicals.
Water boils at degrees Celcius while ethanol boils at
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