Yet shortly after Wheeler proposed his theory, other scholars dismissed it by explaining that the skeletons were not victims of invasion massacres, but rather the remains of hasty burials.
Wheeler himself eventually admitted that the theory could not be proven and the skeletons indicated only a final phase of human occupation, with the decay of the city structures likely a result of it becoming uninhabited.
Various elements of the Indus Civilization are found in later cultures, suggesting the civilization did not disappear suddenly due to an invasion. Many scholars came to believe in an Indo-Aryan Migration theory stating that the Harappan culture was assimilated during a migration of the Aryan people into northwest India. Aryans in India. An early 20th-century depiction of Aryan people settling in agricultural villages in India. Other scholarship suggests the collapse of Harappan society resulted from climate change.
Some experts believe the drying of the Saraswati River, which began around BCE, was the main cause for climate change, while others conclude that a great flood struck the area. Any major environmental change, such as deforestation, flooding or droughts due to a river changing course, could have had disastrous effects on Harappan society, such as crop failures, starvation, and disease. Skeletal evidence suggests many people died from malaria, which is most often spread by mosquitoes.
I pray today that we all come together in love and one day my Indian family can come and meditate with me in the deserts of Sindhu Dharti. To all the family of the greater Hind I'm you and you are me, the beautiful one family : Love, love and love to all from Sindh, Pakistan.
IndoPak Blood Brothers 4 Life! I really wanted to visit Pakistan from quite sometime, and this is one of the major reason for that. Just afraid that the present political situation may create some problem for me, specially considering my background. Hope one day this situation will improve so we common man can visit each others place. Zubair Great, so now Indian tourists as well as Pakistani ones can damage and litter the precious site!
List Mohenjo-Daro etc. Great to see this historical place of our ancestors in pictures. This is the only civilization which still has followers flourishing vedic or Hindu civilization.
Traces of their rituals can still be tracked in our practice. Proud to be having great ancestors.. Zubair My dream all my life is to visit Pakistan and I'm afraid it will remain just a dream.
Mohenjo Daro even years back, was a city which was incredibly well planned with proper houses, markets, roads and sanitation. What needs to be saved are present day cities, which our governments have 'failed' to provide proper city planning, housing, roads, sanitation and green spaces? Our ignorant politicians must learn from Mohenjo Daro.
Vinay Pandey. May 18, am. Hussain nagri. May 18, pm. With history of BCE, one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus alley civilization Need to be saved for our younger generation May 19, am.
We are all the people of Indus Civilization. This is 8, years old,it predates Hinduism. This civilization according to finding by European Archeologists that it was the first in the world to practice true democracy as opposed the Athenian democracy and later used as a subjugation tool of natives in colonies of the Europeans.
A moot point that the European countries had jury system but in colonies they had Assessor System that the Colonial Judge had all the the rights to over rule the Assessors.
Pakistan can never be a country of the Arabs for they will always will be the people of the Indus and genes will prove that. Petra, Jordan A person standing in the doorway of the Monastery at Petra, Jordan, shows the enormity of the ancient building's entrance.
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Animals Wild Cities Wild parakeets have taken a liking to London. Animals Wild Cities Morocco has 3 million stray dogs. Meet the people trying to help. Environment COP26 nears conclusion with mixed signals and frustration. Those who have so stated have misread the archaeological evidence. There is no suggestion in the report that they were lying on the actual street surface. Marshall suggests again that they were probably burials of the Late period that just accidentally penetrated down between the building walls bordering the lane—the lane itself having been long before covered over.
One fragmentary skeleton part of a skull, the bones of the thorax, and the upper arm of an adult was found lying on its back diagonally across the narrow lane. But this incomplete skeleton was not resting directly on the walking surface of the lane. It appears to have been in the debris that accumulated between the walls of the building facing the lane sometime after the lane had fallen into disuse.
The lane itself belongs to the Intermediate period of the city. This area was rebuilt during the Late period and houses covered the location of the earlier lane. The excavator suggests that this partial skeleton was interred under the floor of a house of the Late period.
Thus, it was just accidentally located in the proximity of the lane and was not associated with it at all. Ernest Mackay, the excavator, expressed considerable doubt about the date of these remains. They were reportedly found at a level corresponding to the early part of the Intermediate period. Only two objects were found with the skeletons—an ivory comb that is not like the know Harappan period combs, and a copper bracelet.
Mackay suggests that these were the remains of a family who tried to escape from the city with their belongings at the time of a raid but were stopped and slaughtered by the raiders.
Finally, in bringing this rather macabre account to an end, mention must be made of the lone bit of evidence from Mohenjo-daro that could conceivably be used as positive evidence of some murderous tragedy during the Late period of the city. The contemporaneity of the skeletal remains is anything but certain. Whereas a couple of them definitely seem to represent a slaughter, in situ , the bulk of the bones were found in contexts suggesting burials of the slopiest and most irreverent nature.
There is no destruction level covering the latest period of the city, no sign of extensive burning, no bodies of warriors clad in armor and surrounded by the weapons of war. The citadel, the only fortified part of the city, yielded no evidence of a final defence.
See photograph on page 4. The evidence that is being gathered by present investigators from various branches of the natural and physical sciences is tending to support—in part— the theory expressed years ago by Mackay.
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