In a separate module, we will present more depth on the OFS equipment, technologies and processes to help you understand their contributions and the way that they have become essential to overcoming industry challenges. The production segment of upstream oil and gas maximizes recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs. Production activities include efficiently recovering the oil and gas in a producing filed using primary, secondary and tertiary, or enhanced oil recovery also referred to as improved oil recovery.
Economic success of a well depends in large part on how the well is completed. A successful completion must first make the optimum mechanical connection between the wellbore and the reservoir. The fluids then flow into the wellbore, up the tubing string and into a stock tank. When the formation pressure becomes insufficient to lift the fluids to the surface a lot of oil is still left behind. Every oil well and many gas wells will need artificial lift at some point in their producing life.
Artificial lift refers to the use of mechanical devices, or artificial methods, to increase the flow of fluids in producing oil and gas wells. Plug and abandonment marks the end of the productive life of a well. That event can occur anywhere from a few years after the well is drilled to five or six decades later.
The Production and Offshore Construction Module provides a high level overview of production operations. Processing, transporting and selling refined products made from crude oil is the business of the downstream segment of the oil and gas industry. Many products are familiar such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil and asphalt for roads.
Others are not as familiar such as lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides. The downstream segment is a margin business. Margin is defined as the difference between the price realized for the products produced from the crude oil and the cost of the crude delivered to the refinery.
Although the price of crude sets the absolute level of product prices, it may or may not affect refining or marketing margins. Downstream margins tend to be reduced, or squeezed, when crude price increases often cannot be recovered in the marketplace. On the other hand, margins tend to hold, or even increase, when crude prices drop and the marketplace more slowly adjusts to these lower crude prices.
The downstream segment includes complex and diverse activities including manufacturing, petrochemical refining, distribution, and retail. A global perspective is important because of the global nature of the energy supply chain as well as the impact of supply and demand on both feedstock and product prices. The complete Refining Module includes lessons on crude oil and products, refinery processes, key business drivers that impact refining profitability, and more. Crude oil cannot be used as it occurs in nature, other than burning for fuel, which is wasteful.
It must be refined to manufacture finished products such as gasoline and heating oil. In the refinery, crude oil components can first be split by carefully applying heat to capture various parts, called fractions, within certain boiling ranges.
The quality of these initial fractions produced is not sufficient to be sold directly as petroleum products without further treatment. Crude oil must therefore be further processed using both heat and pressure to improve qualities and meet market demand. We can define downstream as the companies, equipment, and processes used to refine, distribute, manufacture, and retail crude oil or natural gas.
Downstream oil and gas companies provide the critical final steps where resources meet their final purpose. The Kimray Chronicle is your source for news within the Kimray community. Each monthly newsletter includes information on product improvements, tips on how to better optimize your site, videos and articles on how to complete your own repairs, as well as news about training and events.
Mega Menu Valves. Linear Electric. Rotary Electric. Linear Pneumatic. Drip Pots. Flow Meters. Flow Meter Accessories. Flow Monitors. Sense Line Protectors. Solenoid Valves. Supply Gas Regulators. Other Accessories. Float Operated Controllers.
Temperature Controllers. Back Pressure Regulators. Pressure Reducing Regulators. Differential Pressure Regulators. Some of the more obvious products are fuels like gasoline, diesel, kerosene, jet fuels, heating oils and asphalt for building roads. But long-chain hydrocarbons found in both oil and natural gas are used to make far less obvious products like synthetic rubbers, fertilizers, preservatives, containers, and plastics for parts in countless products.
Oil and natural gas products are even used to make artificial limbs, hearing aids and flame-retardant clothing to protect firefighters. In fact, paints, dyes, fibers and just about anything that is manufactured has some connection to oil and natural gas. So now you know. Together, these three sectors of the oil and natural gas industry sustain the steady flow of fuels and materials that make life better and safer for us all.
The OERB provides free environmental restoration of abandoned well sites and works to educate the state's citizens about the oil and natural gas industry.
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